大学英语六级考试2024年6月真题(第三套)
Part IWriting(30 minutes)
Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence“Nowadays cultivating independent learning ability is becoming increasingly crucial for personal development.”You
canmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.You should write at least150 wordsbutnomorethan200words.
You should copy the sentence given inquotesat thebeginningofyouressay.
Part IIListening Comprehension(30 minutes)
特别说明：由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第一套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。
Part III ReadingComprehension(40minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank
fromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor eachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyof thewordsinthebankmorethanonce
A rainbow is a multi-colored,arc-shaped phenomenon that can appear in the sky.The colors of a rainbow are produced by the reflection and 26 _of light through water droplets(小滴)present in the atmosphere.An observer may 27 _a rainbow to be located either near or far away,but this phenomenon is not actually located at any specific spot.Instead,the appearance of a rainbow depends entirely upon the position of the observer in 28 to the direction of light.In essence,a rainbow is an 29 illusion.
Rainbows present a 30 made up of seven colors in a specific order.In fact,school children in many
English-speaking countries are taught to remember the name“Roy G.Biv”as an aid for remembering the colors of
a rainbow and their order.“Roy G.Biv” 31 for:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,and violet.The outer
edge of the rainbow arc is red,while the inner edge is violet.
A rainbow is formed when light (generally sunlight)passes through water droplets 32 in the atmosphere.
The light waves change direction as they pass through the water droplets,resulting in two processes:reflction and refraction (折射).When light reflects off a water droplet,it simply 33_back in the opposite direction from where it 34 .When light refracts,it takes a different direction.Some individuals refer to refracted light as “bent light waves.”A rainbow is formed because white light enters the water droplet,where it bends in several different directions.When these bent light waves reach the other side of thewater droplet,they reflect back out of thedroplet instead of 35 passing through the water.Since the white light is separated inside of the water,the refracted light appears as separate colors to the human eye.
A)bounces B)completely C)dispersion D)eccentric E)hanging F)optical G)originates H)perceive | I)permeates J)ponder K)preceding L)recklessly M)relation N)spectrum O)stands |
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SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreada passagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatement containsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmay chooseaparagraphmore than once.Eachparagraph is markedwith a letter.Answer the questionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
Blameyourworthlessworkdaysonmeetingrecovery syndrome
A)PhyllisHartmanknowswhatit'sliketomakeone'swaythroughthedepthsof officemeetinghell.Managers atoneofherformer human resources jobsarrangedso many meetings thatattendeeswouldfallasleepatthe tableorintentionallyarrivelate.Withhoursof herdayblockedupwithunnecessarymeetings,shewasoften forcedtomakeupherworkduringovertime.“IwasactuallyworkingmorehoursthanIprobablywouldhave needed toget the work done,”says Hartman,whoisfounderandpresidentofPGHRConsultinginPittsburgh,Pennsylvania
B)Sheisn'talonein herfrustration.Between11 millionand55 million meetingsareheldeachdayintheUnited States,costingmost organisations between 7%and 15%oftheir personnel budgets.Every week,employees spend aboutsix hours in meetings,while theaveragemanagermeetsforastaggering23hours.
C)Andthoughexpertsagreethattraditionalmeetingsareessentialformakingcertaindecisionsanddeveloping strategy,someemployeesviewthemasoneofthemostunnecessarypartsoftheworkday.Theresultis notonlyhundredsofbillionsofwasteddollars,butanannoyanceofwhatorganisationalpsychologistscall “meetingrecoverysyndrome(MRS)”:timespentcoolingoffandregainingfocusafterauselessmeeting. Ifyouruntotheofficekitchentogetsomereliefwithcolleaguesafterafrustratingmeeting,you'relikely experiencingmeetingrecoverysyndrome.
D)Meetingrecoverysyndromeisaconceptthatshouldbefamiliartoalmostanyonewhohasheldaformal job.Itisn'tground-breakingtosayworkersfeelfatiguedafterameeting,butonlyinrecentdecadeshave scientistsdeemed thecondition worthyof further investigation.Withitslinks toorganisationalefficiencyand employeewellbeing,MRShasatractedtheattentionofpsychologistsawareoftheneedtounderstanditsprecisecausesandcures
E)Today,insofarasresearcherscanhypothesise,MRSismosteasilyunderstoodasaslowrenewaloffinite mental andphysicalresources.When an employee sits through an ineffectivemeetingtheirbrainpower isessentiallybeingdrainedaway.Meetingsdrainvitalityif theylasttoolong,failtoengageemployeesor turnintoone-sidedlectures.Theconservationof resourcestheory,originallyproposedin1989byDrStevan Hobfoll,states that psychological stressoccurswhenaperson'sresourcesarethreatenedorlost.When resourcesarelow,apersonwillshiftintodefencetoconservetheirremainingsupply.Inthecaseofoffice meetings,where some ofemployees'most valuableresources are their focus,alertness and motivation,this can mean an abrupt halt in productivity as they take time to recover.
F)As humans,when we transition from one task toanotheron the job—say fromsittinginameetingtodoingnormalwork—ittakes an effortful cognitive switch.We must detach ourselves from the previous task and expend significant mentalenergy tomoveon.If we arealreadydrainedtodangerouslevels,thenmakingthementalswitchtothenextthingisextratough.It'scommontoseepeoplecyber-loafing after a frustrating meeting,going and getting coffee,interruptingacolleagueand telling themaboutthemeeting,andsoon.
G)Eachperson'sabilitytorecoverfromhorriblemeetingsisdifferent.Somecanbouncebackquickly,while others carry their fatigueuntil the end ofthe workday.Yet whileno formal MRS studies are currentlyunderway,onecanlooselyspeculateonthelengthofanaverageemployee'slagtime.Switchingtasksinanon-MRSconditiontakesabout10to15minutes.WithMRS,itmaytakeaslongas45minutesonaverageIt'sevenworsewhenaworkerhasseveralmeetingsthatareseparatedby30minutes.“Notenoughtimetotransitioninanon-MRSsituationtogetanythingdone,andinanMRSsituation,notquiteenoughtimeto
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recoverforthenextmeeting,”saysresearcherJosephAllen.“Then,addthe compounding ofback-to-back badmeetingsandwemayhaveanepidemiconourhands.”
H)Inaneffort tocombat thesideeffectsofMRS,Allen,along with researcherJosephMrozandcolleaguesatthe UniversityofNebraska-Omaha,publishedastudydetailingthe bestwaystoavoidcommontraps,includinga concisechecklistof do'sanddon'tsapplicable toany workplace.Drawingfromaround 200 papers tocompiletheircomprehensivelist,MrozandhisteammaynowholdaremedytothelargelyundefinedproblemofMRS.
I)Mrozsaysagoodplacetostartisaskingourselvesifourmeetingsareevennecessaryinthefirstplace.Ifallthat'sontheagendaisaquickcatch-up,orsomenon-urgentinformationsharing,itmaybettersuitthegrouptosendaroundanemailinstead.“ThesecondthingIwouldalwaysrecommendiskeepthemeetingassmall aspossible,”saysMroz.“Iftheydon'tactuallyhavesomekindofimmediateinput,thentheycanfollowup later.Theydon'tneedtobesittinginthishour-longmeeting.”Lesstimeinmeetingswouldultimatelyleadto moreemployeeengagementinthe meetingstheydoattend,whichexpertsagreeisa proven remedyforMRS.
J)Employees also feeltaxedwhenthey are invitedtogethertomeetingsthat don't inspireparticipation,says CliffScott,professoroforganisationalscience.Ittakesprecioustimeforthemtoventtheiremotions, complainandtrytoregainfocusafterapointlessmeeting—oneofthemaintrapsofMRS.Overtimeas employeesfind themselves tied up in moreand moreunnecessarymeetings—andthusdealingwithincreasing lag times from MRS—the waste ofworkday hourscanfeelinsulting.
K)Despitetherelativescarcityofresearchbehindthesubject,HartmanhastaughtherselfmanyofthesametrickssuggestedinMroz'sstudy,andhascomealongwaysinceherdaysofbeingstuckwithunnecessary meetings.The peoplesheinvites tomeetingstoday include not justthe essentialemployees,butalsorepresentativesfromeverydepartmentthatmighthaveastakeintheissueathand.Managerslikeher,who seekinputevenfrom non-experts toshape theirdecisions,canfindgreatersupportandcooperationfrom theirworkforce,shesays.
L)Ifan organisation were to apply all 22 suggestions from Mroz and Allen's findings,the most noticeable differencewouldbeastarkdecreaseinthetotalnumberof meetingsontheschedule,Mrozsays.Lesstime inmeetingswouldultimatelyleadtoincreasedproductivity,whichistheultimateobjectiveof conveninga meeting.Whilenoneof thecounter-MRSideashavebeentestedempiricallyyet,Allen saysonetrickwith promiseisforemployeestoidentifythingsthatquicklychangetheirmoodfromnegativetopositive.Assimpleasitsounds,findingapersonalhappyplace,goingthereandthencomingstraightbacktoworkmight be key to facilitating recovery.
M)Leadersshouldseealsothemselvesas“stewardsofeveryoneelse'svaluabletime”,addsStevenRogelberg,
author ofThe Surprising Science ofMeetings.Having theskillstoforeseepotentialtrapsandtreatemployees'
endurance with care allows leaders to provide effectiveshort-termdeterrentstoMRS.
N)Mostimportant,however,isfororganisationstoawakentotheconceptof meetingsbeingflexible,saysAllen. Byreshapingthewaytheyprioritiseemployees'time,companiescaneliminatetheverysourcesof MRSin theirtracks
36.Althoughemployeesaresaidtobefatiguedbymeetings,theconditionhasnotbeenconsideredworthyof further research until recently.
37.Mrozand his team compiled alistofwhat todoandwhatnottodotoremedytheproblemofMRS 38.Companiescangetridof therootcauseofMRSif theygive prioritytoworkers'time.
39.If workersareexhaustedtoadangerousdegree,itisextremely hardfor themtotransitiontothe next task.
40.EmployeesinAmericaspendalotof timeattendingmeetingswhilethenumberof hoursmanagersmeetisseveraltimesmore.
41.PhyllisHartmanhaslearnedbyherselfmanyof thewaysMrozsuggestedinhisstudyandmaderemarkable successinfreeingherselffromunnecessarymeetings.
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42.Whenmeetingscontinuetoolongordon'tengageemployees,theydepletevitality.
43.When the time ofmeetings is reduced,employees will be more engaged in the meetings they do participatein.44.Someemployeesconsidermeetingsoneofthemostdispensablepartsoftheworkday.
45.AccordingtoMroz,if allhissuggestionswereapplied,averyobviouschangewouldbeasteepdecreasein thenumberofmeetingsscheduled.
SectionC
Directions: Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinished
statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebest choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet2 with asinglelinethroughthe centre.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage
Sarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon:Youknowthemwhenyouhearthem.Sarcasmis mostlyunderstoodthroughtoneof voice,whichisusedto portraytheoppositeof theliteralwords.Forexample, whensomeonesays,“Well,that'sexactlywhatIneedrightnow,”theirtonecantellyouit'snotwhattheyneedatall.
Mostfrequently,sarcasmhighlightsanirritationoris,quitesimply,mean
Ifyou want to behappierandimproveyourrelationships,cutoutsarcasm.Why?Becausesarcasmisactually hostility disguisedas humor.
Despitesmilingoutwardly,manypeoplewhoreceivesarcasticcommentsfeelputdownandoftenthinkthe sarcasticpersonisrude,orcontemptible.Indeed,it'snotsurprisingthattheoriginofthewordsarcasmderives fromtheGreekword“sarkazein”whichliterallymeans“totearorstripthefleshoff.”Hence,it'snowonderthatsarcasmisoftenprecededbytheword“cutting”andthatithurts.
What's more,since actionsstronglydetermine thoughts andfeelings,whena person consistentlyacts sarcasticallyitmayonlyservetoheightentheirunderlyinghostilityandinsecurity.Afterall,whenyoucome right downto it,sarcasm canbeused as a subtle form ofbullying—and mostbullies are angry,insecure,orcowardly.
Alternatively,when a person stops voicing negativecomments,especiallysarcasticones,theymaysoonstarttofeelhappierandmoreself-confident.Also,otherpeopleintheirlifebenefitevenmorebecausetheyno longerhavetoheartheemotionallyhurtfullanguageofsarcasm.
Now,I'mnotsayingallsarcasmisbad.Itmay justbebetterusedsparingly—likeapotentspiceincooking. Toomuchof thespice,andthedishwillbeoverwhelmedbyit.Similarly,anoccasionaldashof sarcasticwitcanspiceupachatandaddanelementofhumortoit.Butabigorsteadyservingofsarcasmwilloverwhelmthe emotional flavor ofany conversation andcan tasteverybittertoitsrecipient.
So,tonedownthesarcasmandworkoncleverwitinstead,whichisusuallywithoutanyhostilityandthus moreappreciatedbythoseyou'recommunicatingwith.Inessence,sarcasmiseasywhiletrue,harmlesswittakestalent.
Thus,the main difference between witandsarcasmisthat,asalreadystated,sarcasmisoften hostilitydisguisedashumor.Itcanbeintendedtohurtandisoftenbitterandbiting.Witty statementsareusuallyin responsetosomeone'sunhelpfulremarksorbehaviors,andtheintentistountangleandclarifytheissuebyemphasizingitsabsurdities.Sarcasticstatementsareexpressedinacuttingmanner;wittyremarksaredelivered with undisguised and harmless humor.
46.Whydoes theauthorsaysarcasmandjazz havesomethingsurprisingly incommon?
A)Botharerecognizedwhenheard. C)Both mean theoppositeofwhattheyappearto.
B)Bothhaveexactlythesametone. D)Bothhavehiddeninthemanevidentirritation
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47.How do many people feel when they hear sarcasticcomments?
A)Theyfeel hostile towards thesarcastic person. C)Theyfeelastrong urge to retaliate.
B)Theyfeelbelittledanddisrespected. D)Theyfeelincapableof disguising theirirritation. 48.What happens whena personconsistentlyactssarcastically?
A)Theyfeeltheirdignitygreatlyheightened.
B)Theyfeelincreasinglyinsecureandhostile.
C)Theyendurehostilityunderthedisguiseofhumor D)Theytastebitternesseveninpleasantinteractions
49.Whatdoes theauthorsayabout peoplequittingsarcasticcomments?
A)Itmakesothershappierandmoreself-confident
B)It restrains themfrom beingirritatingandbullying.
C)It benefits notonly themselves butalsothosearoundthem.
D)Itshields themfrom negativecommentsandoutright hostility. 50.What is thechief difference betweenaspeaker's witandsarcasm?
A)Their | clarity. | C)Theiremphasis. |
B)Their | appreciation | D)Their intention. |
Passage Two
Questions51 to55are basedon thefollowingpassage.
Variabilityiscruciallyimportantforlearningnewskills.Considerlearninghowtoserveintennis.Shouldyoualwayspractiseservingfromtheexactlysamelocationonthecourt,aimingatthesamespot?Although practisinginmorevariableconditionswillbesloweratfirst,itwilllikelymakeyouabettertennisplayerinthe end.Thisisbecausevariabilityleadstobettergeneralisationofwhatislearned.
Thisprincipleisfoundinmanydomains,includingspeechperceptionandlearningcategories.Forinstance, infants willstruggle tolearn thecategory“dog”if theyareonlyexposed toChihuahuas,insteadofmanydifferent kindsofdogs
“Thereareovertendifferentnamesforthisbasicprinciple,”saysLimorRaviv,theseniorinvestigatorof a recentstudy.“Learningfromless variableinputisoftenfast,but mayfail togeneralise to newstimuli.”
To identify key patterns and understand the underlying principles ofvariability effects,Raviv and her colleaguesreviewedover150studiesonvariabilityandgeneralisationacrossfields,includingcomputerscience, linguistics,categorisation,visualperceptionandformaleducation.
The researchers discovered that,acrossstudies,thetermvariabilitycanrefertoatleastfourdifferentkindsofvariability,suchassetsizeandscheduling.“Thesefourkindsofvariabilityhaveneverbeendirectly compared—whichmeansthatwecurrentlydon'tknowwhichismosteffectiveforlearning,”saysRaviv.
Theimpactofvariabilitydependsonwhetheritisrelevanttothetaskornot.Butaccordingtothe‘Mr. Miyagiprinciple',practisingseeminglyunrelatedskillsmayactuallybenefitlearningofotherskills.
Butwhydoesvariabilityimpactlearningandgeneralisation?Onetheoryisthatmorevariableinputcan highlight whichaspectsof ataskare relevantand whichare not.
Anothertheoryisthatgreatervariabilityleadstobroadergeneralisations.Thisisbecausevariabilitywill represent therealworld better,including atypical(非典型的)examples
Athirdreasonhastodowiththewaymemoryworks:whentrainingisvariable,learnersareforcedtoactivelyreconstructtheirmemories
“Understandingtheimpactofvariabilityisimportantforliterallyeveryaspectofourdailylife.Beyond affectingthewaywelearnlanguage,motor skills,and categories,it evenhasanimpactonour social lives,”explainsRaviv.“Forexample,facerecognitionisaffectedbywhetherpeoplegrewupinasmallcommunityor in a larger community.Exposure to fewerfacesduringchildhoodisassociatedwithdiminishedfacememory.”
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“Wehopethisworkwillsparkpeople'scuriosityandgeneratemoreworkonthetopic,”concludesRaviv.“Ourpaperraisesalotofopenquestions.Canwefindsimilareffectsofvariabilitybeyondthebrain,forinstance, intheimmunesystem?”
51.Whatdoes the passagesayaboutinfantslearning thecategory“dog”iftheyareexposed toChihuahuasonly?
A)Theywillencountersomedegreeofdifficulty.
B)Theywilltrytocategoriseotherobjectsfirst
C)They will preferChihuahuas tootherdogspecies.
D)TheywillimagineChihuahuasinvariousconditions
52.WhatdoesRavivsayaboutthefourdifferentkindsofvariability?
A)Whichofthemismostrelevanttothetaskathandistobeconfirmed. B)Why they havean impacton learningisfarfrom beingunderstood.
C)Whytheyhaveneverbeendirectlycomparedremainsamystery
D)Whichofthemismostconducivetolearningisyettobeidentified.
53.How does one ofthe theoriesexplain theimportanceofvariabilityforlearningnewskills?A)Learnersregardvariabletrainingastypicalofwhathappensintherealworld.
B)Learnersreceivingvariabletrainingarecompelledtoreorganisetheirmemories. C)Learners payattention to the relevantaspectsof a taskandignore thoseirrelevant.
D)Learnersfocus on relatedskills instead ofwasting timeandeffortonunrelatedones. 54.Whatdoes the passagesayaboutface recognition?
A)People growing up inasmallcommunity mayfinditeasy torememberfamiliarfaces. B)Face recognition has asignificant impact onliterallyeveryaspectofoursociallives. C)People growing up ina largecommunitycan readilyrecogniseanyindividualfaces.
D)Thesize ofthe community people grow upinimpacts theirfacerecognitionability. 55.What does Raviv hope to dowiththeirresearchwork?
A)Highlight whichaspectsof a task are relevant and whicharenottolearningaskill. B)Use the principle ofvariability in teachingseemingly unrelatedskillsineducation. C)Arouse people's interest in variabilityandstimulate moreresearchonthetopic.
D)Apply the principle ofvariability tosuch fieldsof study astheimmunesystem.
Part IVTranslation(30 minutes)
Directions: Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.You shouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.
扇子自古以来就深受中国人喜爱，但现在已不只是消暑纳凉的工具，而更多地作为艺术品供人欣赏。许多扇子造型优美、做工精良，并绘有山水、花鸟、人物等精美图案，具有很高的艺术价值。中国许多著名画家和书法家喜欢在扇子上作诗绘画，展示其艺术品味。扇子常作为礼物赠予他人，表达美好的祝福和真挚的情感。如今，扇子的实用功能已大为减弱，但作为一种文化符号和艺术形式，扇子仍然在中国传统文化中扮演着重要角色。
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